What is the physical properties of aluminium?

What is aluminum?

Aluminium (or aluminum in American English and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel.

It has a great affinity towards oxygen, and forms a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air.Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, non-magnetic and ductile.

Aluminum is a mild and lightweight metal with mild chemical properties. It has a dull silver appearance because it rapidly forms a thin layer of oxide when exposed to air. Aluminum is non-toxic (like steel), non-magnetic and non-sparking.

The history of aluminum

The discovery of aluminium was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted.

The first industrial production of aluminium was initiated by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856.

Aluminium became much more available to the public with the Hall–Héroult process developed independently by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886, and the mass production of aluminium led to its extensive use in industry and everyday life.

In World Wars I and II, aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation. In 1954, aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal, surpassing copper. In the 21st century, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging in the United States, Western Europe, China, and Japan.

World production of aluminium since 1900

Throughout the 20th century, the production of aluminium rose rapidly: while the world production of aluminium in 1900 was 6,800 metric tons, the annual production first exceeded 100,000 metric tons in 1916; 1,000,000 tons in 1941; 10,000,000 tons in 1971.[93] In the 1970s, the increased demand for aluminium made it an exchange commodity; it entered the London Metal Exchange, the oldest industrial metal exchange in the world, in 1978.[86] The output continued to grow: the annual production of aluminium exceeded 50,000,000 metric tons in 2013.

Pure Aluminum

Aluminum is used in many industries to make tens of millions of different products and plays a very important role in the world economy. With the use of numerous combinations of its key properties, including electrical power, light weight, corrosion resistance, recoverability and formability, aluminum is used in a growing number of applications. This commodity class ranges from structural substances to thin packaging foils.

Common different alloy aluminum plates:

1050 Aluminum Sheet
1060 Aluminum Sheet
1100 Aluminum Sheet
3003 Aluminum Sheet
3004 Aluminum Sheet
3105 Aluminum Sheet
5005 Aluminum Sheet
5052 Aluminum Sheet Plate
5083 Aluminum Sheet Plate
5754 aluminum sheet plate
6061 aluminum sheet
6082 aluminum sheet
5 bar aluminum checker plate
aluminum diamond plate
5X10 aluminum sheet and plate
4X8 aluminum sheet plate
Physical Properties of Aluminum

What are the physical properties of aluminum? The physical home is usually a feature that can be located by our senses, including color, density, hardness, corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, etc. The physical properties of aluminum are as follows.

Properties	Description
Colour	Aluminum is an odorless silver white metal.
Density	The density of aluminum is about one-third of steel or copper, making it one of the lightest commercial metals.
Strength	Pure aluminum does not have very high tensile strength. However, alloying elements, including manganese, silicon, copper and magnesium, can increase the strength of aluminum and produce alloys with specific applications. Aluminum is well suited for cold environments. It has the advantage over metals that its tensile strength increases as the temperature decreases, while maintaining its durability. Again, the metal is brittle at low temperatures.
Corrosion resistance	When exposed to air, aluminum forms aluminum oxide on its surface with little delay. This deposit has excellent corrosion resistance. It has broad resistance to the largest acids, but is poorly resistant to alkalis.
Thermal Conductivity	The thermal conductivity of aluminum is approximately three times that of steel. This leads to aluminum being the key fabric for cooling and heating packages (along with heat exchangers). Combined with its non-toxic nature, this choice has led to aluminum being widely used in cookware and kitchenware.
Conductivity	Aluminum has sufficiently high conductivity and can be used as electrical conductors.
Reflectivity	From ultraviolet to infrared, aluminum is an extraordinary reflector of radiant energy. The same properties of reflectivity make aluminum an insulating fabric that blocks sunlight in the summer and even stops heat loss when it freezes.

Aluminium is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor, having around 60% the conductivity of copper, both thermal and electrical, while having only 30% of copper’s density.

Chemical Properties of Aluminum

A chemical property is the reaction of a substance with other substances, i.e. a substance reacts with different substances or changes from one substance to another. In standard cases, chemical substances are most easily identified at some point in a chemical reaction. The reaction of a substance may be a change due to combustion, rusting, heating, explosion, color change, etc. The following are the chemical properties of aluminum.

Properties	Description
Oxidation	In general, aluminum metals do not respond to air because their surface covers a thin layer of oxides, which help protect the metal from air erosion. However, if the oxide layer is damaged and the aluminum metal is exposed, which will react again to form an amphoteric oxide.
Reaction with Acid	Aluminum is easily reacted with the inorganic acid to form a solution containing hydrated aluminum ions while the hydrogen is released. In the case of reacting with nitric acid, it is passively reacted by forming a protective oxide layer on the surface of alumina
Reaction with Alkali	Aluminum is reactive to the base to form an aluminate while releasing hydrogen.
Reaction with Water	Reactive with hot water.
Compound	Aluminum, oxygen and other elements of mixtures produce aluminum mines, aluminum mine is the main source of aluminum.
Alloy	When combined with the elements such as copper, silicon or magnesium, it will form alloys with high strength.

Aluminum Alloy

Because of its physical and chemical properties, aluminum can be mixed with other metals to make aluminum alloys that are used in several fields. Aluminum alloys have different properties from those of a single metal, and aluminum alloys are classified according to the other elements they contain. The following are a range of aluminum alloys and their main uses:

Series	Alloy Element	Application
1xxx	Almost pure aluminum	Decoration, chemical equipment, heat reflector
2xxx	Copper	Truck panel, airplane parts
3xxx	Manganese	Cookware, highway sign, refrigerator
4xxx	Silicon	Ship, bridge
5xxx	Magnesium	Aircraft fuel tank
6xxx	Magnesium + silicon	Low-pressure weapon, aircraft connector
7xxx	Zinc	Aircraft structure
8xxx	Other elements are major alloy elements	Aluminum foil, radiator

Aluminum does not lose its properties after severe deformation. This allows aluminum to be made into different forms of aluminum products such as aluminum tubes, plates, discs and foils by mechanical processes such as rolling, extrusion, drawing and machining. Alloying, cold working and heat treatment can be used to customize the properties of aluminum.